Yini engenakho ukubulala kwezitayela zenhlanzekile?

1. Ukutholakala kwe-tiilu yamandla engenakuphansi

I-tiilu yamandla engenakuphansi yilithi elinguqulelweyo, isikweletu, isikweletu esinekankanyo esiphakeme nesibindelweyo. I-tiilu yamandla engenakuphansi ibekwe ngokuthi ishushu silinganiselwe kuma-tiilu edlule ngokuphansi, bese kwenziwa ngokuhlawulwa ngokushesha, ukugaya ngokushesha noma ukugaya ngokushesha. I-tiilu yamandla engenakuphansi inekankanyo ephelele, inani elikhulu lezozinto ezisetyenziswa kuzo ukulayisha izinhlobo zezinhlobo, itiilu yamandla nezinhlobo ezingenakuphansi, ngokulandelana nezinhlobo zokugaya kanye nezinhlobo zokugaya, isheshayo, yilithi elinguqulelweyo, kakhulu isetyenziswa ekwenzeni izinto zokubandakanya nezinto zokusebenza, njengokusebenzisa itiilu yamandla yamadlali.

2. Imbali yesithuthi se-tiilu yamandla engenakuphansi

Ukwenza umgqa wemibili engenakuphansi ube nekhaso yeminyaka engama-100. Abantwana baManisman baseGewmani babenza okokuqala umachini ophakathi kwezibhokisi ezimbili ngomnyaka wa-1885, futhi ngomnyaka wa-1891 babenza umachini oqala umgqa. Ngomnyaka wa-1903, uR.C.Stiefel baseSwisi wenza umachini owenza umgqa ngokuzenzekela (futhi wayaziwa ngokuthi yiyipini lemgqa), bese kubonakala umachini oqala umgqa ngokuvamile nezinhlobo zezinhlobo zemisindleko, bese kubukeka ukwebo lwamanzi amathathu. Ngeminyaka ya-1930, kuholela ukuthuthukwa kwezinhlobo nekakhulukazi yemigqa ngokusebenzisa umachini oqala umgqa ngokuthathu, umachini oqina nezibhokisi ezithathu. Ngeminyaka ya-1960, ngenxa yokuthuthukwa kwezibhokisi ezivamile, ukubonakala kwezibhokisi ezithathu, futhi kakhulu ukusebenzisa isiphaphathi sokunciphisa ukugcina nezibhokisi ezivamile, ukwenza umgqa ngokuvamile nokuthuthukwa kwezinhlobo, ukuthuthukwa kokusebenza kwezibhokisi eziphansiwe nezibhokisi eziphansiwe. Ngeminyaka ya-1970 izibhokisi eziphansiwe nezibhokisi eziphansiwe ziyatholakala ngokulinganayo, ukuphuma kwezibhokisi zomhlaba kuholela ngama-5% ngenyaka. Ngaphambi kwe-1953, iShayina iyasingatha kakhulu ukuthuthukwa kwezibhokisi eziphansiwe, futhi sasekwekwe isistimu yokwenza ukwenza izibhokisi eziningi, ezinhle nezincane.

3. Ukuphila okujabulisayo Ukusetshenziswa nokuhlukaniswa kwepayipi lensimbi elingenamthungo

Ukusetshenziswa:

Iphayiphi yensimbi engenamthungo uhlobo lwensimbi ye-economic cross-section, inendawo ebaluleke kakhulu emnothweni kazwelonke, esetshenziswa kabanzi kwepetroli, imboni yamakhemikhali, i-boiler, isiteshi samandla, umkhumbi, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini, imoto, ezindi

Ukuhlukaniswa:

(1) Ngokusho ukuma kwesigaba, ihlukaniswe isiyingi isigaba ipayipi futhi ekhethekile ukuma isigaba ipayipi

(2) Ngokuya ngezinto zokusetshenziswa: ipayipi lensimbi yekhabhoni, ipayipi lensimbi elihlanganisiwe, ipayipi lensimbi engagqwali, ipayipi elihlanganisiwe

(3) Ngokuya ngemodi yokuxhuma: ipayipi lokuxhuma elinenqwaba, ipayipi elihlanganisiwe

(4) Ngokwenqubo yokukhiqiza: ipayipi lokushisela elishisayo (ukukhishwa, phezulu, ukunwetshwa), ipayipi lokushisela elibandayo (ukudonsa)

(5) ngokusetshenziswa: ipayipi lebhodlela, ipayipi le-oil well, ipayipi lamapayipi, ipayipi lesakhiwo, ipayipi lomanyolo wamakhemikhali......

4, inqubo yokukhiqiza ipayipi lensimbi elingenamthungo

① Indlela yokwenza (kuyindlela yokuhlola ngokukhulu) yamapipi amahhala aphoqelekileyo esebentuleyo:

Ukuhlelwa nokuhlola kwetufe → ukushusha kwetufe → ukugcina → ukulaywa kwetufe → ukushusha kwetufe kwesibili → ukulungisa (ukuncipha) ukubukwa → ukushusha kwezinhlobo → ukulungisa amapipi → ukugcina → ukuhlola (ukuhlola ngokungadusi, nokuhlola izinhlobo, ukuhlola kwezitsha) → ukugcina

② Indlela yokwenza yamapipi aphoqelekileyo esebentuleyo (ekhutswe ngokushesha) esebentuleyo

Ukuhlelwa kwetufe → ukulingiswa nokulubricate → ukulaywa (ukukhuphuka) okusheshayo → ukushusha kwezinhlobo → ukulungisa → ukugcina → ukuhlola.

5. Indlela yokwenza yamapipi amahhala aphoqelekileyo esebentuleyo ikhatholela ngokulandelayo: