Me pēhea te whanaketanga o te puka totohu kāore he rārangi?

1. Tiriti o te papa paraihe māmā

Ko te papa paraihe māmā he rāpaki taraweti, tapawhā, tapawhā hāngai he taraweti hauanu me te kore noa ngā huinga ki waho. Ko te papa paraihe māmā i hangaia ki te ingot paraihe, ki te taraweti tūturu ki te whakaputua i te taraweti māmā, kātā ka hangaia ki te panonitanga makariri, te rerepara makariri, te taraiwa rānei. E wātea ana te papa paraihe māmā ki te taraweti hauanu, he nui hoki te whakamahinga hei rere wai, he papa paraihe, he taraweti taraweti rānei, i te kaha pōkai rānei me te kaha whakawātea i te wā kotahi, he paku māmā, ko tētahi o ngā taraweti aronga o te tāone, he whānui hokohoko ki te hanga i ngā wāhanga hanganga, i ngā wāhanga mīhini rānei, pērā i te wharepaku hinu me te wharepaku taraweti.

2. Hītori o te whanaketanga o te papa paraihe māmā

Ko te whanaketanga o ngā pīpoi hohonu karika e toru tekau tau te roa o te hitori. Ko ngā tuakana Tiamani Manisman te tuatahi i whanake i te mātāpuna tāpiri tuarua i te tau 1885, me te whanaketanga o te mātāpuna pīpoi māmā i te tau 1891. I te tau 1903, i whanakea e te Swi R.C.Stiefel te mātāpuna pīpoi ake (e mōhiotia hoki e te mātāpuna pīpoi runga), ā, i āwhina i te mātāpuna pīpoi māwhitiwhiti me te mātāpuna pīpoi tōkuhi anō hoki i ngā wā kua piki ake te hāngai o te ao pīpoi hohonu. I ngā tau 1930, i whanakea te kounga me te tini o ngā pīpoi karika ki te whakamahi i te mātāpuna pīpoi toru-teitei, te mātāpuna whakapōki ki waho, me te mātāpuna pīpoi makariri māmā. I ngā tau 1960, i te whakapai ake i te mātāpuna pīpoi māwhitiwhiti, te āwhenga o te kaiwhakauru toru-pōkai, ina heke atu ki te whakamahinga o te kaiwhakaiti tāwhai me te angitu o te pīra māwhitiwhiti, kua whakapai ake i te angitu whanaketanga, kua whakapai ake i te kaha o te pīpoi hohonu ki te tautohe ki te pīpoi kapi. I ngā tau 1970 ko te pīpoi hohonu me te pīpoi kapi e rua ana e āwhina ana, ā, kei te pikinga tonu te huarahi o te ao pīpoi i te tere o te 5% ia tau. Mai i te tau 1953, kua whakaritea e Haina te nuinga ki te whanaketanga i te ahumahi pīpoi hohonu karika, ā, kua āwherohia te pūnaha whananga mō te rere i ngā pīpoi rahi, waenganui, me te iti. Ko te pīpoi karika hoki te nuinga o ngā wā e whakamahia ana te tikanga pīpoi pōkai-kauta, te mātāpuna toihau, me te tikanga tāhuri.

3. Whakamahia me te whakarite i te papa whiti kaha

Whakamahi:

Ko te papa whiti kaha he momo tāpoi ōkawa wehe-kaupeka, he nui te tuunga nui ki te Ōkawa Whenua, whakamahia whānuitia ana i te hinu, te ahumahi hirihiri, te pāpara, te whare hiko, te kaipuke, te whakapakari i ngā waka, te waka anō hoki, te rēwharewha, te kaha, te whenua, te hanga whare me te ope taua me ētahi atu.

Whakaritenga:

(1) E ai ki te āhua wehenga, kua wehia ki te papa ā-ira me te papa āhua motuhake

(2) E ai ki te matū: papa paraihe karboni, papa paraihe parakore, papa paraihe māori, papa takotoranga

(3) E ai ki te arataki tūhono: papa tūhonohono, papa huihui

(4) E ai ki te tikanga hui: papa hihi (tāwhai, tāwhai, tāwhai) papa, papa makariri (tāwhai) papa

(5) E ai ki te whakamahinga: papa pāpara, papa pāpaku hinu, papa rautaki, papa hanganga, papa mātāpuna hirihiri ...

4, te tikanga hui papa whiti kaha

① Te tikanga whanaketanga matua (tikanga tirotiro matua) o te papa whanui māmā:

Te rite me te tirotiro i te pouaka → te whakaputu i te pouaka → te whakaputu → te rōpū rōpū → te whakaputu anō i te wā kua pau → te whakatika (te whakaiti) → te whakaputa → te whakamāmā → te whakamāmā → te tirotiro (tirotiro kore eke, tinihanga me te tirotiro tāpiri) → te whakaputu

② Te tikanga whanaketanga matua o te papa whanui māmā (pene) māmā

Te rite i te kāpua → te horoi horoi → te pōpō (pene) → te whakaputa → te whakamāmā → te whakamāmā → te tirotiro.

5. Ko te rārangi tikanga o te papa whanui māmā he whakaritea tēnei: